Vesicle science
What an extracellular vesicle is, how one is made, what it carries, and what a cell does with it.
What an exosome actually is, and how the word is used commercially
The biological definition of an exosome, the reason specialists prefer the term extracellular vesicle, and why the commercial usage is broader.
How extracellular vesicles are made
Biogenesis of exosomes and plasma membrane vesicles, why the two routes are hard to separate, and what that means for any product claim.
What is inside an extracellular vesicle
Proteins, lipids and nucleic acids in vesicle cargo, why cargo lists are easy to produce, and why a list is not a mechanism.
How vesicles are taken up by cells
Endocytosis, membrane fusion and the fate of vesicle contents inside a recipient cell, and why a fluorescent signal is not proof of functional delivery.
Paracrine signalling explained
What paracrine signalling means, how the paracrine hypothesis shifted regenerative medicine away from cell replacement, and what it does and does not license.
Conditioned media and the secretome
What conditioned culture medium is, what the secretome includes, and why many products described as exosome products are better described as secretome concentrates.
Why a nanoparticle count is not a dose
Particle counts, potency and the difference between how much material is present and how much active principle is delivered.
Can a vesicle cross the skin barrier?
The stratum corneum as a size barrier, what is known about nanoparticle penetration, and why route of application is the central unanswered question.
The science briefing
One email a fortnight. What was published in extracellular vesicle and regenerative aesthetics research, what it actually showed, and which claims moved on our grading scale. Written for people who read the methods section.
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