In addition to their normal function, exosomes are involved in the pathological development and progression of numerous diseases. Taken together, exosome signaling appears to play a role in gene regulation, plasticity, neurogenesis, and neuroinflammation. If exosomes mediate such mechanisms in the brain, these nanovesicles could be fundamental to better understanding the neurobiological changes that occur in mental disorders. Because the eye is a very small organ and its special anatomy, intravenous drug administration has low drug use, and the application of artificial exosomes to specific tumor research has important implications for targeted therapy in ophthalmology.
For example, the nucleoplasm-specific nuclear exosome-directed complex (NEXT) constitutes a non-nucleolar complex containing HMTR4 that targets upstream transcripts of the promoter (PROMPT) to achieve rapid exosomal renewal in humans. Recent studies have demonstrated that there are specific cofactors for nuclear exosomes that aid in the synthesis and stability of exosome RNA. Experiments have demonstrated that there are disease-related proteins (Pluta and Ulamek-Koziol, 201) in exosomes isolated from plasma or cerebrospinal fluid samples from patients with AD, demonstrating that exosomes can be used as biomarkers for AD. As exosomes can penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and are very stable in the peripheral circulation, they can protect disease-related molecules well and, therefore, the use of exosomes as a biomarker for diseases of the central nervous system is an attractive prospect, since they can be used to monitor the development of the disease and allow for early diagnosis and optimization of treatment.
Microvesicles are closer than exosomes to parental cells in terms of their membrane composition, but exosomes usually contain some additional defined components.3 Exosome biogenesis appears to be a more dynamic process, in which heterogeneous populations of exosomes are produced. Because the field of exosomes in mental disorders is in its infancy, changes in exosome biogenesis have not yet been thoroughly studied. This demonstrates that exosomes associated with ALS exist in the peripheral circulation and interact with other cells, and that other substances contained in related exosomes have potential as biomarkers such as ALS, in addition to the TDP-43 protein. A study has shown that exosomes can cross the blood-brain barrier and improve PD status when loaded with the antioxidant protein catalase ex vivo, making the use of exosomes a promising option for the treatment of PE 116. The molecular content of exosomes reflects the origin and pathophysiological conditions of the releasing cells, suggesting that the analysis of exosomal markers is a highly specific and sensitive method that could replace invasive biopsies. However, it is important to note that, although CD81 is a known exosome marker, it is not unique to exosomes and the ELISA-based method can detect proteins that do not bind to the EV. Similarly, MSC-derived exosomes encapsulated with miRNA 379 were administered in breast cancer therapy in vivo.
This is because some studies show that the exosomal transfer of these two proteins can participate in the decay process of neuronal microtubules, affecting axonal transport and causing cell death and loss of neurons, but in other studies, exosomes appear to have the capacity to reduce brain amyloid beta protein when ingested by microglia. It is quite likely that the uptake of exosomes in the BMEC depends on specific ligand receptors or lipid rafts, and the mechanisms of exosome uptake may depend on the cell of origin. Wang and others have also demonstrated that diabetic cardiomyocytes release exosomes that contain lower levels of Hsp20 than normal cardiomyocyte exosomes, which is responsible for cell death induced by hyperglycemia.
