Exosomes are small vesicles released by cells. They are detected in the blood stream and have been shown to play an important role in many health problems, for example, breast cancer. Exosomes are vesicles, or cellular components, that exist outside of a cell. They are generally understood to be released from cells by merging with an intermediate endocytic compartment or multivesicular body (MVB).).
In simple terms, exosomes are the building blocks of stem cells. As we age, our own stem cells decline significantly. Therefore, PRP treatments are not as effective. However, exosomes improve communication between cells and restore and regenerate existing fabrics.
Compared to adult stem cells, exosomes have nearly three times as many growth factors. The advantage of exosomal injections is that they deliver therapeutic proteins directly into the bloodstream at a lower cost than traditional treatments such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy. While the role of exosomes in neurodegenerative disorders has focused on controlling the accumulation of misfolded proteins by exosomes, nucleic acids and other components may be involved in worsening or improving other neurological disorders. Based on the observation that exosomal microRNAs effectively activate target mRNA and suppress gene expression in recipient cells, exosome engineering has been developed to deliver a specific miRNA or small interfering RNA (siRNA) payload for CNS diseases and cancer. Although it is not surprising that the proteome of the exosomes reflects the proteome of the cell of origin, the protein load of the exosome of cancer cells can be altered.
Ovalbumin pulsed dendritic cell (OVA) exosomes were more effective in causing the activation of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells (OVA) than microvesicles (6), which favors a possible molecular intersection between exosome biogenesis (which is different from microvesicle biogenesis, as mentioned above) and antigen presentation. Exosome therapy has the potential to help reduce wrinkles, improve skin tone and texture, and promote collagen production. Exosomes from different cellular sources, including immune cells (B cells and dendritic cells), cancer cells, epithelial cells and mesenchymal cells, release exosomes with charges that can influence the proliferation and respective activity of innate immune system receptor cells and adaptive. A study that used time-interval monitoring of individual human cells cultured on a platform that allowed the capture of exosomes released by antibodies against tetraspanin indicated different rates of net exosome production by non-cancerous and cancerous mammary epithelial cells.
However, exosomes may play roles other than those of the immune response, since several non-immune cells secrete exosomes. The enrichment of ligands in genetically modified exosomes can also be used to induce or inhibit signaling events in recipient cells or to direct exosomes to specific cell types. The use of stem cell-derived exosomes (stem cells derived from bone marrow and embryonic stem cells) for cardiovascular protection (11) has become a possible therapeutic approach in mice and rats, despite limited knowledge about how exosomes potentiate these effects. Possible inconsistencies in the identification of regulatory elements associated with exosome biogenesis could also be due to different methods for the production, enrichment and concentration of exosomes (1).
Exosomal RNAs can be protected from degradation by blood-derived ribonucleases (22) and, combined with superior systemic retention compared to liposomes, this could allow exosomes to perform their function at distant sites. For exosomes to elicit a response in recipient cells, they can fuse with the plasma membrane (a) or be absorbed whole by endocytosis (b), after which the exosome must be delivered to the cytosol, for example, by a retrofusion event (c). In addition to constitutively releasing exosomes, these cells can also be stimulated to secrete exosomes through cellular interactions.
